美国应急通用任务评述与借鉴

为增强我国应急预案的实用性和有效性,改善现有的应急预案准则性强,可操作性弱的情况,笔者运用比较分析的方法,评述了3个版本的美国应急通用任务列表,从作用、结构和内容等方面比较各版本的通用任务表间的不同以及各自优缺点,并从理论和现实2个方面分析通用任务列表版本变迁的原因,为我国应急预案和应急准备的建立提供可借鉴的经验和参考,并对其未来发展提出建议。     

通用引物PCR方法在地表水病原菌检测中的应用

为了探索通用引物PCR方法在地表水病原细菌检测中的应用价值,利用16S rRNA基因的高度保守性,设计并合成细菌的通用引物,采用合成的引物扩增参考菌株及西安市区不同地表水样,并对PCR产物分别进行序列测定及序列同源性分析,同时检测水样中的细菌总数和粪大肠杆菌浓度.结果显示,通用引物扩增4种参考菌株,320 bp处均可得到清晰的电泳条带,其特异性通过序列测定及同源性分析得到进一步验证;通用引物PCR可检出250 ng/L的埃希氏大肠杆菌标准菌株DNA,其PCR检测的灵敏度可达0.275 CFU/mL;用通用引物对西安市区不同地表水样进行PCR扩增,其中■河、兴庆湖、大唐芙蓉园北湖、北石桥污水处理厂出水样品320 bp处都得到了清晰的电泳条带,而黑河水样没有条带;与之相对应的粪大肠杆菌群检测结果显示,只有北石桥污水处理厂出水和兴庆湖水样有粪大肠杆菌检出.      

MULTIFRACTAL SCALING OF DAILY RUNOFF TIME SERIES IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS1

Abstract: Multifractal scaling behavior of long-term records of daily runoff time series in 32 subwatersheds covering a wide range of sizes was examined. These subwatersheds were associated with four agricultural watersheds with different climates and topography. The empirical moment scaling curves obtained using the trace moment method showed that the runoff time series exhibited a multifractal behavior, which was valid over a time scale range from one day to about three years. The multi-fractal scaling of the runoff time series was well described by the Universal Multifractal Model. The spectral analysis (β < 1) and the order of fractional integration (H ⋍; 0) indicated that the runoff time series were conservative. The multifractal parameters, α (multifractal index) and C₁ (co-dimension), were reasonably close to each other for subwatersheds within each of the watersheds and were generally similar among the four watersheds. The α values of the four watersheds were 1.10 ± 0.13, 1.61 ± 0.06,1.61 ± 0.24, and 1.63 ± 0.19. The C₁ values of four watersheds were 0.19 ± 0.01, 0.17 ± 0.01, 0.17 ± 0.04, and 0.11 ± 0.02. The multifractal analyses provided useful insight into the runoff time series, especially the occurrence and distribution of extreme events.     

抽油井"三防装置"的研制与应用

针对油井存在的盘根漏油、普通电机顶丝无法顸紧电机、普通防盗取样器防盗效果差等问题,介绍了研制的叠加复式盘根盒装置、万能顶丝及双重防盗取样器的使用效果,现场应用表明这些装置能确保抽油机井安全经济运行。